Lead iri mumvura yekunwa inokonzera njodzi huru kuhutano, kunyanya kuvana. Data rehutano hweveruzhinji muUK rinobatanidza kusangana nematambudziko ekukura kwetsinga uye matambudziko ehunhu.Zvigadziko zvevharuvhuzvakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvisina mutobvu zvinobatsira kudzivirira kusvibiswa. Zvigadzirwa zvine magwaro zvinovimbisa kuendeswa kwemvura yakachengeteka uye zvinodzivirira vanhu vari munjodzi kubva kumigumisiro inokuvadza.
Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvaunofanira Kuziva
- Zvishandiso zvemavharuvhu zvisina lead zvakabvumidzwa, zvakaita sezviya zvakatenderwa neWRAS, zvinovimbisa mvura yekunwa yakachengeteka nekudzivirira kusvibiswa kwelead uye kusangana nezvinodiwa zvehutano muUK.
- Kusarudza zvinhu zvakakodzera zvakaita seDZR brass, simbi isingatsvi, kana mapurasitiki ane certification kunovandudza kugara kwemavharuvhu uye kunodzivirira kunaka kwemvura nekufamba kwenguva.
- Kuongororwa nguva dzose uye kugadziriswa zvakanaka kwezvibatiso zvemavharuvhu kunobatsira kudzivirira kubuda kwemvura uye ngura, zvichiita kuti hurongwa hurambe huchishanda uye huchengetedze hutano hwevanhu.
Chitupa uye Kuchengetedzwa kweValve Fittings
Kubvumidzwa kweWRAS uye Mitemo yeMvura Yekunwa yeUK
Kubvumidzwa kweWRAS kunomiririra chiyero chekuchengetedza uye kutevedzera mitemo yemvura yekunwa muUK. Chirongwa cheWater Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS) chinoita kuti mavharuvhu akwane zvinodiwa zvakasimba kuchengetedza hutano hweveruzhinji. Zvinhu zvinofanira kunge zvisina chepfu uye zvakachengeteka pamvura inonwiwa, zvichidzivirira kusvibiswa padanho rega rega. Vagadziri vanogadzira mavharuvhu kuti asaora nekuora, zvichiita kuti agare akavimbika kwenguva refu. Kutevedzera Mitemo yeUK Water Supply (Water Fittings) kunoramba kuri chisungo kune zvese zvinoiswa.
Zvishandiso zvevharuvhu zvinotenderwa neWRAS zvinofanirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvakakosha:
- Kushandisa zvinhu zvakachengeteka, zvisina chepfu zvakakodzera mvura yekunwa
- Kukodzera kwemuchina uye kuramba ngura
- Saizi yakakodzera inoenderana nezvinodiwa nemapaipi uye kuyerera kwemvura
- Kuongororwa kwedzvinyiriro netembiricha zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nesystem
- Mhando dzekubatanidza dzinoenderana, dzakadai seBSP threaded kana compression fittings
- Magwaro ekusimbisa eWRAS asati aiswa
Zvishandiso zvemavharuvhu zvinosangana nezvinodiwa izvi zvinobatsira kuchengetedza hunhu hwemvura uye kusimba kwehurongwa. Dhizaini nezvinhu hazvifanirwe kusangana nemvura kana kubuda muzvinhu zvinokuvadza. Chitupa cheWRAS chinopa vimbiso yekuti chigadzirwa hachizokanganisa kuchengetedzeka kwemvura kana kuvimbika kwayo.
Mitemo Yepasi Pose Yekuisa Mavharuvhu
Zvishandiso zvemavharuvhu zvinoshandiswa mumvura yekunwa zvinofanirwa kutevedzera mitemo yenyika neyepasi rose. Zvitupa zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa pasi rose zvinovimbisa kuchengetedzeka kwechigadzirwa uye mashandiro azvo munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Izvi zvinosanganisira:
- Kiwa Water Mark (Netherlands): Chitupa chezvigadzirwa zvine mvura yekunwa
- NSF (North America): Chitupa chepombi nemidziyo inobatana nemvura yekunwa
- WRAS (Great Britain): Chitupa chekutevedzera mitemo yemvura yeUK
- DVGW-W270 (Germany): Chitupa chinosanganisira kuyedzwa kwekukura kwebhakitiriya
- ACS (France): Mvumo yekubvumidzwa kwezvinhu zvine chekuita nemvura yekunwa
- WaterMark (Australia neNew Zealand): Chitupa chinosungirwa chekugadzira pombi dzemvura nemidziyo yekubvisa mvura
| Nhamba Yakajairika | Tsananguro | Chiyero |
|---|---|---|
| ISO 1452-4:2009 | Masisitimu emapaipi epurasitiki ekupa mvura — PVC-U — Chikamu 4: Mavharuvhu | Inovhara mavharuvhu ePVC asina purasitiki anoshandiswa mumichina yekupa mvura |
| ISO 1452-5:2009 | Masisitimu emapaipi epurasitiki ekupa mvura — PVC-U — Chikamu 5: Kugwinya kwechinangwa | Inovimbisa kushanda kwesystem iyi kusanganisira mavharuvhu |
| ISO 2531:1998 na2009 | Mapaipi esimbi akagadzirwa nesimbi, zvinhu zvinosungirirwa, zvishandiso uye majoini ekushandisa mumvura | Inotsanangura zvinodiwa zvemavharuvhu esimbi ane ductile uye fittings |
| ISO 11177:2016 & 2019 | Mavharuvhu emvura inodziya ne porcelain — Mavharuvhu ane enamel uye zvinosungirirwa zvemvura inonwiwa | Zvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro uye kuyedzwa kwemavharuvhu e enamelled mumvura |
Zvitupa zvepasi rose zvakaita seISO, ASTM, ANSI/ASME, DIN, JIS, API, NSF, uye DVGW zvinofukidza zvakawanda zvinodiwa. Mitemo iyi inotarisa zviyero, zvinhu, kuyedzwa, mashandiro, uye kuchengetedzeka. Zvitupa zvakanangana neUK, zvinosanganisira British Standards (BS) neBSI Kitemark, zvinotarisa pamitemo yenyika uye kuvimbiswa kwemhando. BSI Kitemark inozivikanwa muUK nepasi rese, ichitsigira chitupa cheEuropean CE mark. Mitemo yeUK inowanzoenderana nemitemo yeEurope neISO asi inoramba iine zvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvezvimwe zvinhu. Kubvumidzwa kweWRAS kunosimbisa kutevedzera mitemo yeUK yekugovera mvura, ichiona kuti zvigadzirwa zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvepasi rose nezvenyika.
Zvinoreva Chitupa paHutano neKutevedzera Mutemo
Kusimbiswa kwezvibatiso zvemavharuvhu kunoita basa rakakosha mukutevedzera mutemo nekuchengetedzwa kwehutano hweveruzhinji. Chitupa cheWRAS chinoita kuti mavharuvhu asasvibise mvura inonwiwa kana kukonzera marara, zvichienderana nemitemo yeUK yekugovera mvura. Vatengesi vemvura vanovimba nezvigadzirwa zvakatenderwa neWRAS kudzivirira migumisiro yemutemo, senge faindi kana kupomerwa mhosva. Mavharuvhu asina chitupa anogona kukonzera kusvibiswa, kutadza kushanda, uye kurangwa kwemutemo.
| Chikamu | Tsananguro |
|---|---|
| Zvinodiwa Pamutemo | Zvishandiso zvemvura zvinofanirwa kutevedzera Mitemo yeZvishandiso zvemvura kudzivirira kusvibiswa, marara, uye kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwemvura muEngland neWales. |
| Basa reChitupa | Chitupa cheWRAS chinopa vimbiso yekuti mavharuvhu anosangana nezvinodiwa nemutemo uye akakodzera kuiswa. |
| Kusimbisa Kutevedzwa kweMutemo | Vatengesi vemvura vekuUK, vakaita seUnited Utilities, vane basa repamutemo rekusimbisa mitemo iyi nekutarisa nzvimbo dzepombi uye kupa zviziviso zvekusatevedzera mitemo iyi. |
| Migumisiro Yekusatevedzera Mutemo | Kutyora mitemo imhosva inogona kukonzera kupomerwa mhosva, kumanikidzwa kwemutemo kusanganisira kuvharirwa kwemvura, uye kurangwa kwemutemo. |
| Kutsigira Kutevedzera Mutemo | Chitupa chinobatsira vatengesi vemvura kuona kuti michina yemvura inotevedzera mitemo, zvichiita kuti kuongororwa kwemvura kuitwe uye zviito zvekuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu zviitwe. |
WRAS isangano rinopa mvumo yekushandiswa kwemvura muUK. Vanokurudzira kutevedzera Mitemo yeWater Supply (Water Fittings). Kushandisa mavharuvhu anotenderwa neWRAS ndiyo nzira yakavimbika yekuratidza kutevedzera mitemo uye kudzivirira njodzi dzemutemo.
Zvishandiso zvemavharuvhu zvakabvumidzwa zvinobatsira vatengesi vemvura kuchengetedza kuchengetedzeka uye kushanda zvakanaka kwesystem. Zvitupa zvinotsigira kuongororwa nekusimbiswa kwemutemo, zvichiona kuti zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana nemitemo chete ndizvo zvinopinda mumusika. Maitiro aya anodzivirira hutano hwevanhu uye anotsigira kuvimbika kwemvura yekunwa muUK.
Kusarudza Zvishandiso zveVharuvhu Zvisina Lead, Zero-Leak
Kukosha Kwezvinhu Zvisina Mutobvu Muzvigadziko zveVharuvhu
Zvinhu zvisina mutobvu zvine basa guru mukuchengetedza hutano hweveruzhinji. Mitemo yeUK, kusanganisira Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999, inoisa mitemo yakasimba yezvinhu zvinosangana nemvura yekunwa. Vagadziri vanogadzira mavharuvhu ekuisa zvinhu vachishandisa alloys dzakadai se dezincification-resistant (DZR) brass, iyo inoganhurira huwandu hwemutobvu kusvika pahuremu hunopfuura 0.25% panzvimbo dzakanyorova. Maitiro aya anoenderana nemirairo yeUK neEuropean Union, ichiva nechokwadi chekuti mvura yekunwa inoramba isina tsvina inokuvadza. DZR brass inopa kugara kwenguva refu uye kuramba ngura, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo inofarirwa yemasisitimu emvura yekunwa. Simbi isina ngura nemapurasitiki epamusoro anopawo dzimwe nzira dzisina mutobvu, zvichitsigira kutevedzera mitemo uye kuchengetedzeka kwenguva refu.
Zano: Gara uchisimbisa mvumo yeWRAS paunenge uchisarudza mavharuvhu. Chitupa ichi chinosimbisa kuti chigadzirwa ichi chinosangana nezvinodiwa zvehutano nekuchengetedzeka muUK zvehuwandu hwemutobvu uye mhando yezvinhu.
Zvinhu Zvisingashandise Mutobvu Zvinoshandiswa muUK muMavharuvhu Emvura Yekunwa:
- Dezincification-resistant (DZR) ndarira
- Simbi isina ngura (mamakisi 304 ne316)
- Mapurasitiki akagadzirwa (akadai sePVC, PTFE, uye polyurethane)
Mhando dzeMavharuvhu Ekushandisa Masisitimu Emvura Yekunwa
Mavharuvhu anoita mabasa akasiyana mukati mehurongwa hwemvura yekunwa muUK. Kusarudzwa kunoenderana nekushandiswa, kudzorwa kwemvura kunodiwa, uye kuenderana nezvikamu zvehurongwa. Mavharuvhu anofanira kuenzana nedhayamita yehose kudzivirira kudonha kwemvura uye kuchengetedza kuyerera kwemvura kwakakodzera. Kuenderana kwezvinhu kunoramba kuri kwakakosha, sezvo kuchikanganisa kuchengetedzeka uye kugara kwenguva refu.
| Rudzi rweVharuvhu | Tsananguro uye Mashandisirwo |
|---|---|
| Mavharuvhu Ebhora | Madhisiki akatenderera anotonga kufamba kwawo; anogara kwenguva refu uye anovhara zvakanaka; akakodzera zvinodiwa kana akavharika zvakasimba. |
| Mavharuvhu Ekutarisa | Dzivisa kudzokera shure; ona kuti mvura inoyerera nedivi rimwe chete; zvakakosha pakudzivirira kusvibiswa; shanda otomatiki. |
| Mavharuvhu Ekuderedza Kumanikidzwa | Deredza kumanikidzwa kwemvura kunopinda kusvika padanho rakachengeteka; dzivirira mapombi kubva mukukuvadzwa nekudonha kwemvura; chengetedza mashandiro ehurongwa. |
| Mavharuvhu eGedhi | Inoshandiswa kumisa kuyerera kwemvura zvachose; yakakodzera kugadziriswa kana kuvharwa nekukurumidza; yakasimbiswa uye yakasimba. |
| Mavharuvhu eBhatafurayi | Gadzirisa kuyerera kwemvura uchishandisa dhisiki rinotenderera; rakareruka uye rinodhura zvishoma; rinoshandiswa mumapaipi ane dhayamita hombe; rinodzima nekukurumidza. |
| Mavharuvhu eSolenoid | Inodzorwa nemagetsi; inoshandiswa mumasisitimu ega ega kudzora kuyerera kwemvura nemazvo; inowanzoshandiswa mumabhizinesi/maindasitiri. |
Mavharuvhu anogona kushandisa brass isina mutobvu, simbi isingatsvi, kana mapurasitiki akabatanidzwa. Zvisimbiso zvinowanzova neNBR (Nitrile Buna Rubber) yemvura isina kusimba kana EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer) yekudzivirira kupisa zvakanyanya. Zvinhu zvakabvumidzwa zvakaita sePVC nepolyurethane zvinokurudzirwa pakushandisa mapombi nekubatanidza, zvichiita kuti pave nekuchengetedzeka uye kugara kwenguva refu.
Kuenderana Kwezvinhu Uye Kugara Kwenguva refu
Kuenderana kwezvinhu kunokanganisa zvakananga hupenyu hwemavharuvhu uye kuvimbika kwezvishandiso zvemavharuvhu. Brass nesimbi isingatsvi zvinopa simba rakawanda remuchina, asi kusarudzwa kusina kunaka kunogona kukonzera matambudziko ekuora. Brass isingatsvi inodzivirira ngura uye inochengetedza simba, nepo simbi isingatsvi inopa simba rakanakisisa kunze kwenzvimbo dzine chloride yakawanda, uko maburi anogona kuitika. Mapurasitiki akadai sePTFE anopa simba rakasimba rekudzivirira makemikari uye anodzivirira kuora.
Mavharuvhu anoongororwa zvakasimba pasi pechitupa cheWRAS, kusanganisira kuongororwa kwemanzwiro, bvunzo dzekukura kwehutachiona, uye kuongororwa kwekubviswa kwesimbi. Miedzo iyi inotevedzera mamiriro chaiwo ezvinhu, ichiva nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu hazvikanganisi kunaka kwemvura kana kugara kwenguva refu kwesystem. Vanoshanda pamwe chete neOEM vanotsigira vagadziri vane hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi, vachibatsira kuchengetedza kunaka kwechigadzirwa muhupenyu hwese.
Cherechedza: Magadzirirwo esimbi nemapurasitiki anobatanidza simbi nepurasitiki anoita kuti zvinhu zvigare kwenguva refu uye zvishande zvakanaka. Gara uchifunga nezvemakemikari emvura nemamiriro ekunze pakusarudza zvinhu.
Kuisa, Kugadzirisa, uye Kudzivirira Kuora
Kuisa zvakanaka nekugadzirisa nguva dzose kunoita kuti mavharuvhu arambe achirarama uye kudzivirira ngura. Kuongorora nguva dzose kunobatsira kuona zviratidzo zvekusakara, ngura, kana kuti maburi. Kuongorora nemaziso kuti hapana ruvara rwakaita sei uye kubuda kwemvura kwakakomberedza zvisimbiso kunoita kuti hurongwa huve hwakasimba. Nzira dzekuchenesa dzinosanganisira kukwesha nemaoko, mishonga yakachengeteka, uye kusukurudza nemvura kana zvinonyungudutsa.
Vashandi vanoshandisa zvivharo zvekudzivirira kudzivirira mavharuvhu kubva kumamiriro ekunze asina kunaka. Kudzora nharaunda kwakadai sekudzora hunyoro uye kudzivirira tembiricha kunoderedzawo njodzi yekuora. Kushandiswa kwezvinodzivirira ngura—anodic, cathodic, mixed, kana volatile—kunodzivirira mavharuvhu panguva yekuchengetera nekushanda. Kurapa pamusoro senge epoxy, PTFE, polyamide, uye polyurethane coatings kunowedzera kudzivirira ngura.
- Kuongorora nguva dzose kana paine ngura, kupera, uye kubuda kwemvura
- Kuchenesa nekubvisa madhaka
- Kushandisa zvidziviriro zvekudzivirira uye kudzora zvakatipoteredza
- Kushandiswa kwezvinodzivirira ngura uye machira epamusoro
Njodzi yengura inowedzera kana mvura ichiyerera zvishoma, izvo zvinoita kuti zvinhu zvakasimba zvigadzikane uye zvigadzire mitswe. Kuyerera kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kukurwa kwevhu uye kutsemuka kwevhu. Mapurasitiki eceramic uye mapurasitiki epolyurethane anowedzera kuramba kwemhedzisiro iyi. Kuchengetedza kwekudzivirira uye kutarisa mamiriro ezvinhu kunoramba kuri kwakakosha kuti vharuvhu nepombi zvirambe zviripo kwenguva refu mumvura yekunwa.
Zvishandiso zvemavharuvhu zvine certification, zvisina lead, zvinodzivirira hutano hwevanhu, zvinotsigira kuchengetedzeka kwemvura, uye zvinopa kukosha kwenguva refu.
| Kubatsirwa | Mhedzisiro |
|---|---|
| Kugara kwenguva refu | Kuongororwa kwakawanda kunovimbisa kushanda kwakavimbika uye kuchengetedza mvura. |
| Kuchengetedzwa Kwemvura | Zvinhu zvisina chepfu, zvinodzivirira ngura zvinodzivirira njodzi dzekusvibiswa. |
| Kuvimba neVatengi | Chitupa chinovaka kuvimba nevapi vemvura uye kuvimbika kwesystem. |
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa
Zvinorevei kubvumidzwa kweWRAS kune mavharuvhu?
Kubvumidzwa kweWRAS kunosimbisa kuti mavharuvhu anosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza mvura muUK. Anoshandisa zvinhu zvisina chepfu uye anoedzwa zvakaoma. Vatengesi vemvura vanovimba nezvigadzirwa zvakabvumidzwa neWRAS kuti zvinotevedzera mitemo.
Zano: Gara uchitarisa kuti une chitupa cheWRAS here usati waisa.
Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinovimbisa kuti mavharuvhu asina mutobvu anowanikwa?
Vagadziri vanoshandisa brass yeDZR, simbi isingasvibi, uye mapurasitiki ane certification. Zvinhu izvi zvinodzivirira ngura uye hazvibudisi zvinhu zvinokuvadza. Zvinotsigira kuchengetedzeka kwemvura kwenguva refu.
- Ndarira yeDZR
- Simbi isina ngura
- Mapurasitiki ePVC nePTFE
Vashandi vanofanira kuongorora kangani mavharuvhu?
Vashandi vanofanirwa kuongorora mavharuvhu mwedzi mitanhatu yega yega. Kuongorora nguva dzose kunobatsira kuona kubuda kwemvura, ngura, uye kupera. Kuonekwa nekukurumidza kunodzivirira kusvibiswa uye kunoita kuti hurongwa hurambe huchishanda kwenguva refu.
| Kuongororwa Kuwanda | Chiito Chinokurudzirwa |
|---|---|
| Mwedzi mitanhatu yega yega | Kutarisa kunoonekwa kana paine mvura inobuda |
| Gore negore | Kuchenesa uye kuyedza mashandiro |
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-13-2025